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Muhammad Ayub Khan (; 14 May 1907 –19 April 1974), widely known as Ayub Khan, was the first military general officer who was the second President of Pakistan and the Army chief of staff. He assumed power in the 1958 Pakistani coup d'état, serving in office until his forced resignation amid a popular uprising in 1969.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Muhammad Ayub Khan the Second President of Pakistan ), Retrieved 25 August 2015〕 Trained at Sandhurst, Ayub Khan fought in World War II as an officer in the British Indian Army. He joined the armed forces of the newly formed state of Pakistan upon independence in 1947, and became its chief military commander in East Bengal. He was appointed as the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army in 1951 by the then-Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Ayub Khan in US Country Studies ),Retrieved 25 August 2015〕 in a controversial promotion over several senior officers. President Iskander Mirza's decision to declare martial law in 1958 was supported by Ayub, whom Mirza declared chief martial law administrator.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A117 ), Retrieved 27 August 2015〕 Two weeks later, Ayub deposed Mirza in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】)">url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A067 ), Retrieved 25 August 2015〕 He relinquished the post of army chief to General Musa Khan the same year.〔"Story of Pakistan, Part-1"/, Retrieved 25 August 2015〕 Ayub Khan continued his predecessors' policy of an alliance with the United States during the Cold War, joining CENTO, and allowing the U.S. and Britain access to facilities inside Pakistan, most notably the airbase outside of Peshawar, from which U-2 intelligence flights over the Soviet Union were launched. He also strengthened military ties with neighboring China, while relations deteriorated with the Soviet Union and India. There was the five-week war in 1965 with India, ending in a United Nations-mandated ceasefire. Domestically, Ayub embraced private-sector industrialization and free-market principles, making the country one of Asia's fastest-growing economies. He built several infrastructure projects, including canals, dams and power stations, began Pakistan's space programme, and gave less priority to nuclear deterrence. After defeating Fatima Jinnah in the controversial presidential elections of 1965, Ayub's standing began to slide amid allegations of widespread vote rigging. Proceeding with a peace agreement with India to end the war, many Pakistanis considered an embarrassing compromise and demonstrations across the country over rising prices, including those led by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, increased dramatically from 1967 onwards. In 1969, Ayub resigned and handed over power to General Yahya Khan, who declared martial law for the second time. Following ill health, Ayub died in 1974. His legacy remains mixed; he is credited with economic prosperity and what supporters dub the decade of development, but is criticized for beginning the first of the army's incursions into civilian politics, and policies that later led to the creation of Bangladesh.〔(【引用サイトリンク】)">url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A065 ), Retrieved 25 August 2015〕 == Early years and personal life == Ayub Khan was born on 14 May 1907 in Rehana, a village in Hazara District. of the North-West Frontier Province of British India (now Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan). He belonged to the Tareen tribe of Pashtuns. He was the first child of the second wife of Mir Dad Khan, who was a Risaldar-Major (senior regimental junior commissioned officer, then known as viceroy's commissioned officer) in 9th Hodson's Horse, a cavalry regiment of the pre-independence British Indian Army. For his basic education, he was enrolled in a school in Sarai Saleh, which was about 4 miles from his village. He used to go to school on a mule's back. Later he was shifted to a school in Haripur, where he started living with his grandmother. He was educated at Aligarh Muslim University, but did not complete his studies there, as he was accepted into the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.〔Karl J. Newman: Pakistan under Ayub Khan, Bhutto und Zia-ul-Haq. S. 31, ISBN 3-8039-0327-0.〕 Khan was fluent in Urdu, English and the Punjabi Hindko dialect, his native tongue.〔''The Political Dilemmas of Military Regimes'' (1985), by Christopher S. Clapham, George D. E. Philip, p. 203.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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